1、 常用与开头的短语、句式

　　（1） with the （rapidly）growing popularity of （computers/private cars） in China，the quality of our lives has been considerably changed。

　　（2） With the （rapid）growth of （our economy/population），many problems such as （water shortages/waste of energy/lack of professionals and chaotic management）are beginng to surface

　　（3） With the development of （science and technology/market economy），more and more/an increasing number of people come to realize that …

　　（4） Currently there is a widespread/serious concern over (illegal publication/drug abuse/negative influence of western cultures).

　　（5） Nowadays ,a heated debated/discussion about…is under way in China .some people believe that …,whereas others argue that…

　　（6） There are some reasons for owning (private cars/ personal computers).To begin with,…Next,…Last,…There are,on the oher hand,many reasons against it,First,…Second,…Finally,…

　　（7） There are many advantanges and disadvantages in(owning a car).

　　（8） There are various /at least three ways/possible techniques/problems/methods to do something

　　（9） Smoking/Alcoholic beverage should be banned from college campuses for toe reasons.The first reason is that …The second reason is that …/On the one hand ,… On the other hand,…

　　（10） The possible solutions of (the enery crisis/water shortanges/these social problems)depend on three factors…

　　（11） The tow major reasons responsible for(the rapid economic growth /the widespread of fake products )are…

　　2．常用于结尾的短语、句式

　　（1） It is hoped that we should place much emphasis on/pay more attention to 。。。

　　（2） To conclude，we can see that （the best way/the possible solution）is。。。

　　（3） In short，（shortages of water，decrease of fertile fields and environmental pollution）are the major problems to be solved to（increase rain production）。

　　（4） In order to make our world a better palce in which to live we should make great efforts to。。。

　　（5） In a word ，there are three suggestions we must follow ，only in this way can we（achieve a great success）。

　　（6） It is time for us to take an actie part in。。。

　　（7） Let us work hand in hand in hand to（solve these social problems）

　　3．陈述或论证观点、看法（view，point，opinion）、原因（reason、cause）、方法、手段、措施、步骤。。。。。。（method，means，measures，step。。。）、因素（factor）、利弊、优缺点（advantage，disadvantage）时常用的词语、句式：

　　（1）引述段落提出问题时常用的句式、词语：

　　。。。。的原因有许多。There are many reasons why。。。

　　。。。。的原因如下；The reasons why 。。。are as follows

　　我的看法是。。。。My opinon is that

　　（2）展开段落论证时常用的句式、词语：

　　①、第一层次（首先）First，Firstly，In the first place，First of all ，To begin with，For one thing。

　　我的第一理由是。。。My first reason is that。。。

　　主要因素是。。。。The main factor is that 。。。

　　②第二层次（其次）Second ，Secondly，In the Second plce，Next，Then，For another，

　　另一种方法是。。。Another means of 。。。is to do。。

　　第二种解决方法是。。。the second solution is that。。。

　　③第三层次（第三点）Third，athirdly，besides，in adition，furthermore，what is more important

　　（3）总结性段落常用句式、词语：

　　最后一点 last，lastly，finally，in the last place ，last of all，in short，in brief

　　简言之 in a word ，in summary，tosum up

　　总之， in conclusion，on the whole，altogether，in all

　　因此， so，thus，hence，therefor。Consequently，for thee reasons

　　结果， in consequence，as a result

　　由此可见。。。 it will be seen from it that

　　如上所述，我们可以得出结论。。。as has been said above，we can conclude/make a conclusion/draw a conclusion/reach a conclusion come to aconclusion that。。。

　　（4）将事物的正反、好坏两方面，或者将两种不同事物进行比较，对比时常用的句式、短语：

　　然而 while ，whereas，but，however，nevertheless

　　尽管如此 in spite of that，despite all this

　　但在另一方面 but on the other hand

　　与。。。相比 in/by in comparison with。。。/as compare with。。。

　　对比之下 by/in contrast

　　与。。。相反 as opposed to。。。/instead of。。。

　　相反 on the contrary，instead

　　他们的区别如下 The differences sre as follows；the differences can be described as follows

　　A与B之间的不同在于。。。。the differences between A and B is /lies in/exests in/consists in。。。；A is different from B in。。。